http://www.thehindu.com/sunday-anchor/sunday-anchor-the-politics-of-iconography/article7692833.ece
Sunday Anchor September 27, 2015
The politics of iconography
The BJP is busy collecting an eclectic list of heroes who it claims were sidelined by the Congress in the quest to play up the Nehru-Gandhi family. The idea is to build itself a legitimate history dating back to the Independence, something that it does not have. But the party is also using this as an electoral strategy to gain a foothold in the States where it has no presence yet.
The list is exhaustive and eclectic at first glance. The underlying
theme, however, is to correct a perceived imbalance. Bharatiya Janata
Party (BJP) leaders say the Congress had “over-projected” the Nehru-Gandhis
and they are ushering in diversity. The Congress has hit back, claiming
the BJP is “appropriating” national leaders, as it has no icons of its
own from the freedom struggle.
One of the National Democratic Alliance’s early shots was the award of the Bharat Ratna to former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee
and Madan Mohan Malaviya, an early nationalist who founded the Banaras
Hindu University, late in 2014. Before storming to power, Mr. Modi had
announced a giant statue for Sardar Patel, another Congress stalwart who
had some ideological differences with Jawaharlal Nehru.
Earlier this year, the government announced it would celebrate anniversaries of Rani Gaidinliu from the Northeast,
Congress and Hindu Mahasabha leader Lala Lajpat Rai, Revolt of 1857
hero Tantya Tope, medieval warrior Maharana Pratap, progressive writer
Bhisham Sahni and medieval Vaishnavite saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. The
Philatelic Advisory Committee has decided on an array of national
leaders to be featured on definitive stamps, but the names of former
Prime Ministers Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi are not on the list.
“It is an insult to history. We condemn the approach and attitude of
this government to the Gandhis, who have sacrificed a lot for the
nation,” said Congress leader Anand Sharma.
The contest underlines the politics of icon-building and desecration.
The NDA’s attempt to promote a diversity of national icons has an
underlying accusation: the Congress projected the Nehru-Gandhi family to
the “exclusion” of others.
Communications Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad defended the decision to
exclude Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi, saying, “In the definitive stamp
series, the focus was on one family… though some other names were
there… It should not be available to just one family... Here it is an
inclusive series…”
“The government seems to realise that the present stature of the
Congress Party depends on the fortunes of the Nehru-Gandhi family. If
you bring them down, you bring down the Congress itself . ”
The umbilical cord
“The government seems to realise that the present stature of the
Congress Party depends on the fortunes of the Nehru-Gandhi family. If
you bring them down, you bring down the Congress itself,” said a veteran
Delhi historian on condition of anonymity. “It senses that many people
believe the Congress has over-projected the family, particularly Indira
Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi.”
“Once the ‘bias’ in favour of the Nehru-Gandhi family is hinted at, it
does not matter from which part of the ideological spectrum the present
government claims icons, as it can be seen as doing justice to them and
thus tacitly claim their legacy by giving them their due,” the historian
added.
The government can, thus, claim to have “rescued” these legacies from
the Congress’ “family-centrism”, thus virtually separating the Nehru
family legacy from other freedom fighters and reviving the latter. BJP
leaders’ statements suggest precisely this.
“The Congress tried to exclude all political icons except the
Nehru-Gandhi family, save for some like Mahatma Gandhi, Maulana Azad and
B.R. Ambedkar,” said BJP national spokesperson G.V.L. Narasimha Rao.
“While definitive stamps sold in post offices were devoted to Nehru,
Mahatma Gandhi and non-political figures, other political leaders were
just featured on commemorative stamps released only on occasions and in
limited quantities.”
The Department of Posts shows that the United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
issued definitive stamps on Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv
Gandhi and Dalit icons Ambedkar and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker. The
Vajpayee government issued special definitive stamps on Patel, Bose and
Ambedkar. The commemorative stamps of both UPA and NDA honour diverse
figures. The UPA government had also commemorated the 150th
anniversaries of Malaviya and Rabindranath Tagore.
The present battle, however, is more about perception than facts.
Some icons being feted are close to the Sangh Parivar — like Jana Sangh
founder Syama Prasad Mukherjee and the party’s ideologue Deen Dayal
Upadhyaya. They are, however, relatively moderate compared to early RSS
leaders K.B. Hedgewar and M.S. Golwalkar, whose writings have been
labelled ‘anti-Muslim’ by many. Golwalkar’s book Bunch of Thoughts
explicitly called Muslims, Christians and Communists “Internal Threats”.
These leaders aren’t being celebrated yet.
Significantly, Aurangzeb Road in New Delhi has been renamed APJ Abdul Kalam Road.
While Aurangzeb has been seen by the Hindu Right as an oppressive
Muslim king, Kalam, widely respected across India, has often been
labelled the Hindu Right’s ‘ideal Muslim’, who read the Gita and played
the veena.
Among those being honoured, Congress stalwarts Lajpat Rai and Malaviya
were also leaders of the Hindu Mahasabha, which some Congress leaders
like Nehru saw as “communal”. They were thus ideologically closer to the
Hindu Right. “According to Malaviya, the necessity of the Mahasabha had
arisen because the Congress being a political body could not deal with
the questions which affected various communities...,” Malaviya’s
biographer S.L. Gupta writes. “The need of a Hindu body to speak on
behalf of the Hindus in matters that concerned the Hindu community was
stressed.” This was the vision for the Mahasabha that, incidentally,
both Malaviya and Lajpat Rai shared, differing with some anti-Congress
extremists in the Mahasabha.
Accusing Motilal Nehru of doing little for Hindu interests, Malaviya and
Lajpat Rai had formed an Independent Congress Party to take on Mr.
Nehru’s Swaraj Party in 1926 and inflicted crushing defeats on it in
parts of north India. A BJP leader, however, claimed the main reason
behind the celebration of Malaviya is his stature as the founder of BHU
in Varanasi, Mr. Modi’s constituency.
Clear patterns
Another pattern is the appropriation of icons ideologically hostile to Hindutva politics.
One example is Ambedkar, who had rejected Hinduism to become a
Buddhist. The political manifesto of Ambedkar’s Scheduled Castes
Federation, founded in 1942, said, “The Scheduled Castes Federation will
not have any alliance with any reactionary party such as the Hindu
Mahasabha or the RSS.” Vol. 10 of Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
Charitragranth, a Marathi book by C.B. Khairmode, reproduces the
document.
Similarly, Bhagat Singh’s Naujawan Bharat Sabha had shut its doors to
members of community-centric organisations like the Hindu Mahasabha. He
also distributed leaflets quoting Robert Browning’s poem ‘The Lost
Leader’ with a photograph of Lajpat Rai to tacitly criticise the
latter’s communitarian leanings. Later, however, Bhagat Singh avenged
the death of Lajpat Rai in a lathi charge by killing a British official.
Within the frame of doing justice to these icons swamped out by the
Congress’ first family, however, such discrepancies may get brushed out.
Meanwhile, by including figures like medieval saint Chaitanya
Mahaprabhu, Rani Gaidinliu and Tamil poet Subramania Bharati, it seems
as if the BJP is trying to reach out to Bengal, the North-east and Tamil
Nadu, respectively, where the party is non-existent.
o o o
Opinion » Sunday Anchor
September 26, 2015Getting back its heroes
“Gandhi’s great role was to provide a canopy for different political
persuasions fighting... to secure independence for India. Elections
before independence in the Congress Working Committee (CWC) were
hard-fought. At no stage did people of one persuasion exist at the top
and there was no attempt to whip different opinions into one,” former
Union Minister and Congress Rajya Sabha MP Mani Shankar Aiyar says. “It
was well-recognised that all people had to be carried along.”
The Congress movement eventually consolidated into a party and those who
stayed did so consciously, he continues. Those belonging to the
Congress Socialist Party, the Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha left — and they formed the bulk of the opposition in independent India.
Within the Congress “different opinions were expressed and reconciled by
the leadership,” Mr. Aiyar says. He points out that “whatever
differences Patel and Nehru had, they were yoked together in
consolidating the nationhood of India. These differences… cannot
extinguish the fact that Patel rejected the opportunity of becoming
Prime Minister. After the Liaquat-Nehru pact annoyed a large majority in
the Congress Parliamentary Party, Nehru offered to resign; it was Patel
who persuaded him not to.”
As the Narendra Modi government raids Congress history to locate those
who were denied, according to it, their just place by the Nehru-Gandhi
family, Mr. Aiyar stresses: “Patel’s differences with the Hindu
Mahasabha and the RSS [Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh] were far greater…
Patel and Nehru were comrades-in-arms who recognised each other’s right
to differ. The BJP [Bharatiya Janata Party] can try to make Patel a BJP
icon but history cannot justify it.”
Protecting history
But as the rise of identity and communal politics over the last 30 years
has seen the Congress floundering, the party is finding it increasingly
hard to protect its history, the India created by the torchbearers of
the freedom struggle, and the ideological bandwidth it once had. As a
truncated Congress faces an existential crisis, the BJP’s assault has
hit it hard. In its increasingly restive ranks, the doubt persists —
without the glue of the Nehru-Gandhi family, the party will rapidly
disintegrate.
“It is appalled at the way in which the BJP is appropriating its
leaders but, confused and in disarray, the Congress seems unable to
fight back . ”
“We should welcome (the BJP’s) acknowledgement of great Congress
stalwarts, while strongly objecting to any distortion of their records,”
says Congress MP and one of Nehru’s biographers Shashi Tharoor. He
adds, “…reducing Sardar Patel to a Hindu icon is a travesty of his
beliefs and his actions, including during the horrific Partition riots
when he staunchly protected Muslims. Similarly, Lala Lajpat Rai and
Madan Mohan Malaviya were far more complex political leaders than their
identification as Hindus alone suggests.”
The Congress may be appalled at the way in which the BJP is distorting
its history and seeking to delegitimise it but, confused and in
disarray, it has done little to counter the moves.
Last year, shortly after the Congress was routed in the general elections, Congress veteran A.K. Antony
had said at a meeting in June in Thiruvananthapuram that “there is a
doubt created by the party’s proximity towards minority communities…
Congress policy is equally just to everyone; but people have doubts
whether that policy is being implemented or not.”
The statement was made in the context of Kerala politics, as he made
clear. “People have lost faith in the secular credentials of the party.
They have a feeling that the Congress works for a few communities,
especially minorities... Such a situation would open the door for the
entry of communal forces into Kerala.” But Mr. Antony’s remarks
resonated across the party.
In the closing months of 2014, the Congress held a series of meetings to
analyse its defeat and to find ways to chart the party’s future. A key
area of discussion was its failure to attract Hindu voters. The
discussions on ideology, a former minister who attended one of the
meetings told The Hindu, boiled down to the “need to be pluralistic
without looking like a Muslim party, to retain the minority vote without
annoying the liberal Hindu mainstream, and choosing a path so that we
are not stigmatised as anti-upper caste in north India”— in short,
ambivalence.
Almost 10 months after those discussions, as the BJP continues to
appropriate Congress icons, organising celebrations, constructing
memorials, and issuing postage stamps, the Congress is still looking for
a way to be perceived once again as “an umbrella party” that can
attract the votes of Brahmins, Dalits and Muslims alike.
The temple treks
Of late, of course, Rahul Gandhi has been making publicised visits to temples:
in April, he trekked to Kedarnath; last month it was the Kheer Bhawani
temple in Ganderbal near Srinagar; more recently, it was the Banke
Bihari temple in Mathura.
The Congress in many ways still contains within it, from the leadership
level down to party workers, persons who represent a very wide spectrum
of ideological opinion. But, as a senior party leader told The Hindu,
“The Congress’s ideology has not changed. Nor does it need to be
rearticulated. What we need is a credible leadership that can reflect
the plurality of views that the Congress is; to reoccupy the liberal
middle ground that we once did.”
Meanwhile, says former party MP Sandeep Dikshit, “The Congress needs to
reclaim all its icons stridently and demonstrate that the core beliefs
of these leaders were stridently anti-RSS and anti-Hindutva, whether
Malaviya, Lajpat Rai, Bose or Patel. And we have enough public
intellectuals in our ranks who can do this.”